We specifically focus on nine critical epochs: the Paleolithic (200,000 YA-10,000 YA), early to late Neolithic (10,000 YA-2500 BCE), antiquity (2500 BCE-550 CE), ancient Israel and early Christian societies (1550 BCE-379 CE), medieval Europe (476 CE-1400 CE), early modern Europe (1400–1800), colonial America (1607–1776), the American frontier (1776–1890), and the modern industrial era (1890-present). In this paper, we perform a comprehensive investigation of these claims by reviewing the available evidence on the political-economic and biophysical features of meat over the long arc of Western history. How did meat emerge to become such an important feature in Western society? In both popular and academic literatures, biophysical and political-economic factors are often cited as the reason for meat’s preeminent status.
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